Making the Museum

An archaeology team from John Milner Associates (JMA) is excavating the site where the Museum of the American Revolution will be built. Each Monday, lead archaeologist Rebecca Yamin shares a recap of the previous week’s work. Here’s what they found last week:

A third, brick-lined circular feature was found this week very close to the two that were uncovered last week. They appear to be a cluster of privy pits that were in the backyards of houses near the corner of Carter’s Alley (later Ionic Street) and Goforth’s Alley (later American Street). A map reconstruction of the area in 1787, created by Independence National Historical Park historian Coxey Toogood, shows “Francis Donnell, schoolmaster (dancing)” living right on the corner and “Benjamin Humphreys, Gentleman” living next door.

Excavation of one of the privies produced a collection of artifacts dating to the mid-18th century. Included were clay pipe stems, diagnostic (or “dateable”) ceramic types like polychrome delft and white salt-glazed stoneware, and delicate pieces of table glass. The artifacts were embedded in nightsoil, which is deteriorated human waste. Privies are, after all, the holes under outhouses that in cities were deep shafts made of brick or stone. A dense deposit of bright white lime had been thrown into the privy, probably to diminish the smell. It covered still more nightsoil containing additional artifacts that the archaeologists will excavate later in the project.

The archaeology on this site is being coordinated with construction activities and we can only go as deep as the construction allows. We hope to move further toward Third Street next week.

Pictured above are privies described in the post.

Have questions for Dr. Yamin and her team? She’ll be available to talk about their work every Thursday between 10am-2pm on the steps of the First Bank of the United States across the street from the construction site. Or submit your questions to editor@amrevmuseum.org and we’ll answer them in a future post.

Image Credit: John Milner Associates, Inc.

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As is often the case with urban archaeology, things turn up where they are not expected.

Last week the archaeologists uncovered a wall that spans the width of Carter’s Alley, which started at Second Street, but did not run all the way through to Third Street until the early 19th century. The wall is built of alternating layers of cut stone and brick, a rather distinctive style. Its builder’s trench (which is the trench dug to support a wall) contained the same kinds of 18th-century artifacts—ceramic sherds, straight pins, and glass fragments—that were recovered from the midden next to it that we investigated last week.

Another rubble stone and brick wall was found on the south side of Carter’s Alley and its builder’s trench also included 18th-century artifacts. Among them were lots of small pieces of animal bone and oyster shells, perhaps the remnants of meals enjoyed more than 250 years ago.

A two-foot diameter brick circle in the middle of the alley that we discovered last week was probably a communal well used by alley residents. According to the documentary record, the alley was “closely built on both sides.” The top two feet or so of fill in the well consisted of cinders, but as the archaeologists dug deeper they found a “Jayne’s Expectorant” bottle. Dr. David Jayne manufactured patent medicines on the block as early as 1852.

Several large flat cut stones uncovered on the north side of Carter’s Alley during the first week of excavation appear to relate to the famous Jayne building—the city’s first “skyscraper,” which stood on the site. It was taken down in the 1950s when Independence National Historical Park was created.

Image Credit: John Milner Associates, Inc.

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An archaeology team from John Milner Associates (JMA) is excavating the site where the Museum of the American Revolution will be built. With principal archaeologist Rebecca Yamin behind the scenes and archaeologist Tim Mancl heading up the field effort, they are hoping to find evidence of the people who lived and worked on the site in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Every Monday, Dr. Yamin will write a recap of the previous week’s work. Below, she shares their initial discoveries:

Excavation on the Museum site started with a bang! With five huge machines (two excavators, two cranes, and a drill) swirling about, the archaeologists used their small hand tools (shovels and trowels) to investigate an area near the middle of the site, now five feet below grade. The area was considered “sensitive”—in other words, likely to contain an undisturbed record of the past—because it was once covered by Ionic Street, which was called Carter’s Alley in earlier times.

First, the archaeologists found two brick-arched conduits running along the northern edge of the street alignment. Just to the south of the conduits was a dark brown soil that contained artifacts dating to the mid-18th century. The artifacts included small ceramic sherds, straight pins, brick fragments, shells, and a few pieces of printer’s type. (A document dating to 1806 describes a “calamitous conflagration” that entirely destroyed several buildings along the alley including “Bioren’s printing office,” perhaps the source of the type.)

Also uncovered were a complex of 19th-century building foundations and a deep pipe trench that emptied into a storm drain. A probable privy—a circle of un-mortared bricks about two feet in diameter—was also found and will be excavated next week. Privy pits are often a major source of artifacts on urban sites since they served as trash repositories before there was trash collection.

We’re looking forward to hearing what Dr. Yamin and her team find next! Pictured above are some of the discoveries mentioned in her dispatch. The first image shows a handful of 18th-century ceramics, the handle of a clay pipe, two pins, two pieces of type, a button, and a bone fragment. The second image shows an uncovered conduit.

Image Credit: John Milner Associates, Inc.

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Pharmacist Christopher Marshall lived on the site of the future Museum at a very important moment in history–the start of the War of Independence.
Born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 6, 1709, Marshall studied in England before settling in America in... — Pharmacist Christopher Marshall lived on the site of the future Museum at a very important moment in history–the start of the War of Independence.
Born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 6, 1709, Marshall studied in England before settling in America in the late 1720s. He became the first president of the College of Pharmacy. Marshall was also selected to be a delegate to the 1776 Provincial Conference and served as a member of both the Philadelphia Committee of Inspection and Observation and the Committee of Safety.
His diaries, held at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, give a fascinating overview of Philadelphia leading up to the war. Descriptions of the daily weather and his morning coffee routine surround Marshall’s musings on important topics of the time:
**The Boston Port Act**
June 1, 1774: “This being the day when the cruel act for blocking up the harbor of Boston took effect, many of the inhabitants of this city, to express their sympathy and show their concern for their suffering brethren in the common cause of liberty, had their shops shut up, their houses kept close from hurry and business; also the ring of bells at Christ Church were muffled, and rung a solemn peal at intervals, from morning till night…”
**The Battle of Bunker Hill**
July 14, 1775: “The many and various accounts of the slain at Bunker’s Hill reconciled, by an account of the return made to General Washington on the fourth instant–of the Provincials, viz., one hundred and thirty-eight killed, three hundred and one wounded, and seven missing, and the best account he had received of the regulars was, that eight hundred were killed, and seven hundred wounded.”
**Thomas Paine Publishes “Common Sense”**
January 13, 1776: *“Went to Bell’s; bought a pamphlet called Common Sense.”*
**The Declaration of Independence**
July 2, 1776: “Past seven, to [the] Committee Room at Philosophical [Hall]; none been there; went to John Lynn’s; stayed till near eight; then returned; broke up past ten. At this meeting, six besides myself, were appointed a Committee of Secrecy to examine all inimical and suspected persons that come to their knowledge… This day, the Continental Congress declared the United States Free and Independent States.”
**Life During Wartime**
November 27, 1776: “News today is, that the enemy intends to make a push for Philadelphia. It’s said, part of their force is embarked, either to go up the Delaware and make their attack at both sides at once, or else to amuse the Southern States and prevent their sending any assistance to Philadelphia.”
July 13, 1777: “I’ve not been able to get a load of hay or wood, as yet, nor pasture for my horse. Had not my wife bought a load in the spring, and we sent some bushels of oats stowed in our bacon, he must have suffered, but we have a lot adjoining to us; though small, it serves to turn him in just to stretch his legs. A bushel of bran or shorts can’t be procured, but [I] am in hopes that after harvest, we shall get supplied, as I intend to visit some of the farmers. I just give this note by way of memento, to remember some of our difficulties.”
Marshall moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1777. After the war ended he returned to Philadelphia. He died in 1797.
In the weeks to come, we’ll feature more of Marshall’s observations of this remarkable era. Stay in the loop by following us on Facebook at @AmRevMuseum.
*Image Credit: Christopher Marshall, 1709-1797,* *via the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.*

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While your humble editor was away last week on vacation, archaeologists from John Milner Associates (JMA) remained hard at work excavating the site where the Museum of the American Revolution will be built. Today, lead archaeologist Rebecca Yamin recaps her team’s past two weeks of work:

Lots of progress over the past two weeks. Continuing excavations have revealed more features, mostly foundation walls and floors. JMA archaeologists followed contractor DeAngelo’s huge excavator, testing one shaft feature and documenting the remains of at least three structures. Close behind the archaeologists a drill was used to place supports for the shoring of the site.

The location and the construction methods of the structural remains will be used as an aid in determining the names of the people or businesses that once occupied them. We are comparing the location of foundation walls to Anna Coxe Toogood’s 1787 map reconstruction of the block and to later insurance maps.

The next stage of the work is to see what fragments of the 18th century remain under the basement floors of the buildings that were taken down when the Visitor’s Center was built on the site in 1975. Two floors—one brick and one concrete—belonging to buildings that once faced Third Street were lifted last week. Nothing was found beneath them, but the back of the lots they once covered had been heavily disturbed by the bell tower for the Visitor’s Center. The contractor is still struggling to remove its remains.

Pictured above is DeAngelo’s excavator and the map being used to help determine what once occupied the newly uncovered structures. (Thanks to Independence National Historical Park for supplying the map!)

Image Credit: John Milner Associates, Inc.

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The Saturday Evening Post and its iconic Norman Rockwell covers are seared into the American memory. And the venerable publication was itself the direct descendant of an even more legendary publication: Benjamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette. So... — The *Saturday Evening Post* and its iconic Norman Rockwell covers are seared into the American memory. And the venerable publication was itself the direct descendant of an even more legendary publication: Benjamin Franklin's *Pennsylvania Gazette.* So imagine our delight to discover that, for a short window of time, one iteration of the *Saturday Evening Post* was actually printed on the site of the future Museum!
It all started in 1729 when 22-year-old Benjamin Franklin and his partner Hugh Meredith purchased a flailing newspaper called *The Universal Instructor in all the Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette*. (They quickly shortened the name.) Printed from their shop at 51 High Street, the newspaper became incredibly successful, due in no small part to Franklin’s written contributions. After Meredith retired, in 1748 Franklin brought on a new partner, David Hall. Hall took on full control of their printing company and the *Pennsylvania Gazette* upon Franklin’s retirement. From 1766 on, the business changed hands a number of times, including when Hall passed away and partial ownership shifted to his sons, its name switching from Hall & Sellers to Hall & Piere to Hall & Atkinson. It’s this last iteration that leads to the birth of the *Saturday Evening Post.*
When David Hall, Jr., passed away in 1821 his partner Samuel C. Atkinson united with Charles Alexander. They decided to rebrand the *Pennsylvania Gazette* into a literary weekly with mass appeal, covering foreign and domestic news, while eschewing all politics. The *Saturday Evening Post* debuted on August 4, 1821.
In 1827 the business moved from Franklin’s original headquarters to nearby 112 Chestnut Street. Atkinson became the sole owner of the *Saturday Evening Post* the following year, then in 1833 he moved the company to 36 Carter’s Alley, where the Museum is being built. The successful weekly was published there until 1840, when new owners George Graham ad John Du Solle moved the business further up the block to Third and Chestnut Streets.
The pattern of ownership changes continued for the next decade, with Edmund Deacon and Henry Peterson eventually taking over in 1848. They ushered in a renaissance of sorts for the *Saturday Evening Post*, boosting its weekly circulation to 100,000. But as seems characteristic of the roller-coaster fortunes of the publication, this success was not to last. It appears that Peterson broke the non-politics rule by writing a virulently anti-slavery article that alienated their significant Southern following, resulting in a slashed subscriber base.
The next revival would not occur until 1897, when Cyrus Curtis (of the Curtis Publishing Company) purchased the *Saturday Evening Post* from its most recent owners. Curtis turned it into one of the most beloved magazines in the country. It would enjoy this status until its readership began to decline in the 1960s. But like a phoenix, the *Saturday Evening Post* has risen again. Now published by a nonprofit, the magazine underwent a reinvention in 2013. It lives on from its home base in Indianapolis, nearly 300 years after its first iteration was born.
*Image Source: October 2, 1729 edition of the* Pennsylvania Gazette *via the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. November 28, 1903 edition of the* Saturday Evening Post via Wikimedia Commons.

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Last week we focused on the life of diarist Christopher Marshall, but what about the lives of his neighbors? According to a 1754 tax list, they included Philadelphia County coroner (1764-1772) Caleb Cash, sea captain John Bolitho, and George... — Last week we focused on the life of diarist Christopher Marshall, but what about the lives of his neighbors? According to a 1754 tax list, they included Philadelphia County coroner (1764-1772) Caleb Cash, sea captain John Bolitho, and George Sharswood, whose progeny (and namesake) would become Pennsylvania Chief Justice in 1879.
Joining this list at the end of the 18th century was “gentlewoman” Elizabeth Oliphant (pictured above). She owned property at 28 Carter’s Alley, which is now called Ionic Street in the spots where it still survives in Philadelphia.
Oliphant was the daughter of William Oliphant, a wealthy landowner, and sister of Robert Oliphant. Both siblings were the subjects of miniature portraits by painter James Peale. Peale started painting before the War of Independence, under the tutelage of his brother Charles Wilson Peale. He served in the Maryland regiment of the Continental Army, fighting in battles at Long Island, Trenton, Germantown, and Mommouth, among others. He retired as a captain in 1779 and settled in Philadelphia, where he painted miniatures of local merchants and military figures, and even George Washington!
Peale painted Elizabeth Oliphant in 1795, as a new chapter of American history began to unfold. The start of the 19th century would herald significant changes across the young nation, including at our site at Third and Chestnut as it transitioned into a commercial hub. Next week we’ll share some of the surprisingly famous former businesses that once stood on the same land as our future home.
*Image Credit: Portrait of Elizabeth Oliphant by James Peale, 1795, via the Smithsonian American Art Museum.*

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It was a busy week on the site. Two circular brick features were uncovered near the southeast corner of the site after the contractor had scraped away overlying soil another five feet down. We suspect the features are privies from the backyards of historic houses that once faced Carter’s Alley or Dock Street. They measure 7.8 feet in diameter and 5.9 feet in diameter.

We test these kinds of features by digging out a quarter section layer by layer. Artifacts recovered from the larger of the two included lots of plaster, mortar, and many bottles dating to the late 19th century. A particularly interesting bottle, called “a master ink,” has a pouring spout and a partially legible label reading “Ink” and “London.”

The granite blocks at the back of the Jayne Building were further exposed, revealing an iron door leading to the boiler engine pump vault that ran under Carter’s Alley. The vault is shown on the Hexamer Insurance Map pictured above, which dates to 1897. 19th-century insurance maps are very useful to urban archaeologists because they show property boundaries and are often labeled with the business and/or owner’s names. Color coding indicates what the buildings were made of, i.e. brick, stone, or wood, and whether the building was residential, industrial, or commercial.

More foundations and features including a possible fireplace were uncovered further to the west. Many pieces of cut bone and abalone shells that had been cut out for button manufacture were also found in this area. This appears to be waste from the button factory that was located at 237/239 Dock Street in the 19th century. Button making waste was also found in this area when the Visitors Center was being built on the block in the 1970s.

Pictured above are some of the features mentioned in the post. The first is a likely privy pit; the second is a Hexamer insurance map showing the Jayne Building’s vault; and the third shows three bottles uncovered on site, including the “master ink” bottle described above.

Image Credit: John Milner Associates, Inc. and the Free Library of Philadelphia.

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After months of demolition, the old Visitor’s Center on our site at Third and Chestnut is now completely gone. But before we begin construction in the fall, we must complete an important stage: archaeology.
From now through October, you can follow... — After months of demolition, the old Visitor’s Center on our site at Third and Chestnut is now completely gone. But before we begin construction in the fall, we must complete an important stage: archaeology.
From now through October, you can follow along! Archaeologist Rebecca Yamin will post weekly reports about her team’s findings on this page. We will also take a weekly look at previous inhabitants of our future home—a group that includes a prolific Revolutionary War diarist, the publishing house of the *Saturday Evening Post*, and a building that is believed by some to be the inspiration for the modern skyscraper.
Clearly, the intersection of Third and Chestnut Streets—and the historic district surrounding it—is no stranger to history. We’re looking forward to joining its storied list of residents. Stay tuned for news of our discoveries!

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From August-October, archaeologists from John Milner Associates (JMA) explored the site where the Museum of the American Revolution will be built. The excavation phase is over, but the analysis has only just begun! Lead archaeologist Rebecca Yamin is back with new discoveries being made in her group’s lab:

Since finishing excavation on October 24th, we have been busy cleaning, organizing, and inventorying the artifacts in our West Chester laboratory. About 60,000 artifacts have been entered into a computer database and we are beginning the mending process. When possible, found fragments are mended together to form the vessels they used to be—cups, plates, glasses, flower pots, etc.

Our last field report announced the discovery of the Success to the Triphena punch bowl. Many more sherds have been found in the lab and when taped together they form an almost complete bowl. We’ve also pieced together some beautiful redware plates made by Philadelphia potters who we will make every effort to identify. A surprise artifact that we didn’t notice when it was covered with dirt in the field included a bottle seal bearing the initials “S. M.,’ probably for its owner, Sarah Merrick, who lived at No. 32 Carter’s Alley in 1791. (The punch bowl was found next door at No. 30.)

In addition to mending artifacts, another part of the analysis process is tracing the owners and occupants of the properties where the artifact-filled features (privies) were found. Fortunately, many primary documents with this information, including deeds and directories, are now online, but we will also be visiting the City Archives and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. So far, from deeds we have learned that the block was occupied by many different kinds of artisans. For instance, in the 1790s there was a shoemaker, a bookbinder, a printer, a carpenter, a paper manufacturer, a blacksmith, a stay maker, a tallow chandler, a coachmaker, a cutler, and a cordwainer on Carter’s Alley. A clerk in the Treasury department lived at No. 76 Chestnut Street in 1794, which would have been convenient to the First Bank of the United States located on the other side of Third Street. A shoemaker and cordwainer were at that address a few years earlier and a gilder was there in 1810. It will be interesting to see if any artifacts relating to these particular occupations turn up in the lab.

Once the artifacts are mended we will match them to their probable owners and address research questions that relate to domestic life in early Philadelphia and industrial activities that co-existed with private houses in this neighborhood. The site includes a material record of the development of the city in microcosm and we will trace the changes over time from the late 17th century up to the second decade of the 20th century.

Pictured above (from top) are two images of archaeology team members piecing together artifacts; a more complete look at the Success to the Triphena bowl from the inside and the outside; an assortment of sherds; and a beautiful example of Philadelphia redware.

We’re looking forward to hearing more about the team’s findings in the new year. Many thanks to Rebecca and her team for their hard work and to you for following along!

Image Credits: John Milner Associates, Inc.

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Making the Museum — An archaeology team from John Milner...

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